add PostgreSQL benchmark, comparing lib/pq against pgx both with and w/o Oblast

7 files changed, 648 insertions, 18 deletions

diff --git a/benchmark/benchmark_test.go b/benchmark/benchmark_test.go
index f0967b9..da764b2 100644
--- a/benchmark/benchmark_test.go
+++ b/benchmark/benchmark_test.go
@@ -21,13 +21,16 @@ import (
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
 
+// NOTE: In this file, we benchmark different ORMs against each other and against hand-written operations using plain database/sql.
+// All benchmarks are called "BenchmarkORM...".
+
 // Do not use b.Context() within benchmarks, or you will merely demonstrate that using a deep stack of Context objects is expensive.
 var noctx = context.Background()
 
 // This is not a real benchmark (obviously).
 // Its purpose is to be the first line that is printed, while having one of the longest names,
 // so that all other results are aligned with it and the table looks nice.
-func BenchmarkHeadingHeadingHeadingHeadingHeadingHeadingHeadingHeading(b *testing.B) {
+func BenchmarkORMHeadingHeadingHeadingHeadingHeadingHeadingHeadingHeading(b *testing.B) {
 	for b.Loop() {
 		time.Sleep(time.Microsecond)
 	}
@@ -40,7 +43,7 @@ var (
 	batchSizesForUpdate       = []int{1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 100}
 )
 
-func makeTestDB(t testing.TB, recordCount int) (db *sql.DB, dsn string) {
+func makeSqliteTestDB(t testing.TB, recordCount int) (db *sql.DB, dsn string) {
 	dsn = fmt.Sprintf("file:%s?mode=memory&cache=shared", t.Name())
 	db = must.Return(sql.Open("sqlite3", dsn))(t)
 	_ = must.Return(db.Exec(`CREATE TABLE entries (id INTEGER, message TEXT, PRIMARY KEY (id AUTOINCREMENT))`))(t)
@@ -75,8 +78,8 @@ type GormEntry struct {
 
 func (GormEntry) TableName() string { return "entries" }
 
-func BenchmarkSelectMany(b *testing.B) {
-	db, dsn := makeTestDB(b, totalRecordCountForSelect)
+func BenchmarkORMSelectMany(b *testing.B) {
+	db, dsn := makeSqliteTestDB(b, totalRecordCountForSelect)
 	dbh := oblast.Wrap(db)
 
 	// test with different sizes of resultsets (N=1 is an OLTP-like workload,
@@ -171,8 +174,8 @@ func BenchmarkSelectMany(b *testing.B) {
 	}
 }
 
-func BenchmarkSelectOne(b *testing.B) {
-	db, dsn := makeTestDB(b, totalRecordCountForSelect)
+func BenchmarkORMSelectOne(b *testing.B) {
+	db, dsn := makeSqliteTestDB(b, totalRecordCountForSelect)
 	dbh := oblast.Wrap(db)
 
 	// grab a "random" record from the DB, not just the first or the last
@@ -256,8 +259,8 @@ func BenchmarkSelectOne(b *testing.B) {
 	})
 }
 
-func BenchmarkInsertAndDelete(b *testing.B) {
-	db, dsn := makeTestDB(b, 0)
+func BenchmarkORMInsertAndDelete(b *testing.B) {
+	db, dsn := makeSqliteTestDB(b, 0)
 	dbh := oblast.Wrap(db)
 
 	store := oblast.MustNewStore[OblastEntry](
@@ -442,8 +445,8 @@ func BenchmarkInsertAndDelete(b *testing.B) {
 	}
 }
 
-func BenchmarkUpdate(b *testing.B) {
-	db, dsn := makeTestDB(b, 0)
+func BenchmarkORMUpdate(b *testing.B) {
+	db, dsn := makeSqliteTestDB(b, 0)
 	dbh := oblast.Wrap(db)
 
 	store := oblast.MustNewStore[OblastEntry](
@@ -507,6 +510,7 @@ func BenchmarkUpdate(b *testing.B) {
 				for _, r := range recordsForOblast {
 					_ = must.Return(stmt.Exec(message, r.ID))(b)
 				}
+				must.Succeed(b, stmt.Close())
 			}
 			checkRecordsUpdated := func(b *testing.B, message string) {
 				var count int64
diff --git a/benchmark/go.mod b/benchmark/go.mod
index 75f27db..5f981fa 100644
--- a/benchmark/go.mod
+++ b/benchmark/go.mod
@@ -4,14 +4,19 @@ go 1.26.0
 
 require (
 	github.com/go-gorp/gorp/v3 v3.1.0
+	github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.9.2
+	github.com/lib/pq v1.10.7
 	github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.42
-	go.xyrillian.de/oblast v0.0.0-20260417200949-ba4f55e75e6b
+	go.xyrillian.de/oblast v0.7.0
 	gorm.io/driver/sqlite v1.6.0
 	gorm.io/gorm v1.31.1
 )
 
 require (
+	github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20240606120523-5a60cdf6a761 // indirect
 	github.com/jinzhu/inflection v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/jinzhu/now v1.1.5 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.20.0 // indirect
+	go.xyrillian.de/gg v1.7.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.37.0 // indirect
 )
diff --git a/benchmark/go.sum b/benchmark/go.sum
index 5701940..0455a12 100644
--- a/benchmark/go.sum
+++ b/benchmark/go.sum
@@ -1,9 +1,18 @@
+github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/go-gorp/gorp/v3 v3.1.0 h1:ItKF/Vbuj31dmV4jxA1qblpSwkl9g1typ24xoe70IGs=
 github.com/go-gorp/gorp/v3 v3.1.0/go.mod h1:dLEjIyyRNiXvNZ8PSmzpt1GsWAUK8kjVhEpjH8TixEw=
 github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.6.0 h1:BCTh4TKNUYmOmMUcQ3IipzF5prigylS7XXjEkfCHuOE=
 github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.6.0/go.mod h1:DCzpHaOWr8IXmIStZouvnhqoel9Qv2LBy8hT2VhHyBg=
+github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0 h1:/6Hmqy13Ss2zCq62VdNG8tM1wchn8zjSGOBJ6icpsIM=
+github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0/go.mod h1:CEx0iS5ambNFdcRtxPj5JhEz+xB6uRky5eyVu/W2HEg=
+github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20240606120523-5a60cdf6a761 h1:iCEnooe7UlwOQYpKFhBabPMi4aNAfoODPEFNiAnClxo=
+github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20240606120523-5a60cdf6a761/go.mod h1:5TJZWKEWniPve33vlWYSoGYefn3gLQRzjfDlhSJ9ZKM=
+github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.9.2 h1:3ZhOzMWnR4yJ+RW1XImIPsD1aNSz4T4fyP7zlQb56hw=
+github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.9.2/go.mod h1:mal1tBGAFfLHvZzaYh77YS/eC6IX9OWbRV1QIIM0Jn4=
+github.com/jackc/puddle/v2 v2.2.2 h1:PR8nw+E/1w0GLuRFSmiioY6UooMp6KJv0/61nB7icHo=
+github.com/jackc/puddle/v2 v2.2.2/go.mod h1:vriiEXHvEE654aYKXXjOvZM39qJ0q+azkZFrfEOc3H4=
 github.com/jinzhu/inflection v1.0.0 h1:K317FqzuhWc8YvSVlFMCCUb36O/S9MCKRDI7QkRKD/E=
 github.com/jinzhu/inflection v1.0.0/go.mod h1:h+uFLlag+Qp1Va5pdKtLDYj+kHp5pxUVkryuEj+Srlc=
 github.com/jinzhu/now v1.1.5 h1:/o9tlHleP7gOFmsnYNz3RGnqzefHA47wQpKrrdTIwXQ=
@@ -16,12 +25,21 @@ github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 h1:4DBwDE0NGyQoBHbLQYPwSUPoCMWR5BEzIk/f1lZb
 github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0/go.mod h1:iKH77koFhYxTK1pcRnkKkqfTogsbg7gZNVY4sRDYZ/4=
 github.com/poy/onpar v1.1.2 h1:QaNrNiZx0+Nar5dLgTVp5mXkyoVFIbepjyEoGSnhbAY=
 github.com/poy/onpar v1.1.2/go.mod h1:6X8FLNoxyr9kkmnlqpK6LSoiOtrO6MICtWwEuWkLjzg=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.0 h1:pSgiaMZlXftHpm5L7V1+rVB+AZJydKsMxsQBIJw4PKk=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.0/go.mod h1:yNjHg4UonilssWZ8iaSj1OCr/vHnekPRkoO+kdMU+MU=
-go.xyrillian.de/oblast v0.0.0-20260417200949-ba4f55e75e6b h1:TalkSqODn/2HbLiwd/Tgb5KFXmzJa6O1BbassZyLnVU=
-go.xyrillian.de/oblast v0.0.0-20260417200949-ba4f55e75e6b/go.mod h1:lo6ekGOHTID0KeSWhNQV1gjYJ2BfhXgenUEBNBnZkBM=
-golang.org/x/text v0.20.0 h1:gK/Kv2otX8gz+wn7Rmb3vT96ZwuoxnQlY+HlJVj7Qug=
-golang.org/x/text v0.20.0/go.mod h1:D4IsuqiFMhST5bX19pQ9ikHC2GsaKyk/oF+pn3ducp4=
+github.com/stretchr/objx v0.1.0/go.mod h1:HFkY916IF+rwdDfMAkV7OtwuqBVzrE8GR6GFx+wExME=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.3.0/go.mod h1:M5WIy9Dh21IEIfnGCwXGc5bZfKNJtfHm1UVUgZn+9EI=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.0/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1 h1:7s2iGBzp5EwR7/aIZr8ao5+dra3wiQyKjjFuvgVKu7U=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1/go.mod h1:wZwfW3scLgRK+23gO65QZefKpKQRnfz6sD981Nm4B6U=
+go.xyrillian.de/gg v1.7.0 h1:IA0BJaX9TtBD7crH+CSoK4lYmBk5zi7nUQd0YRzPNf0=
+go.xyrillian.de/gg v1.7.0/go.mod h1:dj+ZhCwC6JKWyFvImhVNXQAErrRcYMUkXu6vwWYNrzQ=
+go.xyrillian.de/oblast v0.7.0 h1:0+TR2De6/OvOm7MpLYukgkkzgZ3HUW/oTtOe3EslsH4=
+go.xyrillian.de/oblast v0.7.0/go.mod h1:fR/UKmOOv44L27Xe2hlkrHKs9pl+D/9wWXFH6WiDeYI=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.20.0 h1:e0PTpb7pjO8GAtTs2dQ6jYa5BWYlMuX047Dco/pItO4=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.20.0/go.mod h1:9xrNwdLfx4jkKbNva9FpL6vEN7evnE43NNNJQ2LF3+0=
+golang.org/x/text v0.37.0 h1:Cqjiwd9eSg8e0QAkyCaQTNHFIIzWtidPahFWR83rTrc=
+golang.org/x/text v0.37.0/go.mod h1:a5sjxXGs9hsn/AJVwuElvCAo9v8QYLzvavO5z2PiM38=
+gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 gorm.io/driver/sqlite v1.6.0 h1:WHRRrIiulaPiPFmDcod6prc4l2VGVWHz80KspNsxSfQ=
diff --git a/benchmark/internal/oblast_pgx/handle.go b/benchmark/internal/oblast_pgx/handle.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a88e2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/internal/oblast_pgx/handle.go
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Stefan Majewsky <majewsky@gmx.net>
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package oblast_pgx
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"strconv"
+	"sync/atomic"
+
+	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5"
+	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgconn"
+	"go.xyrillian.de/oblast/handle"
+)
+
+type Handle interface {
+	Exec(ctx context.Context, sql string, args ...any) (pgconn.CommandTag, error)
+	Query(ctx context.Context, sql string, args ...any) (pgx.Rows, error)
+	QueryRow(ctx context.Context, sql string, args ...any) pgx.Row
+}
+
+var (
+	_ Handle = &pgx.Conn{}
+	_ Handle = pgx.Tx(nil)
+)
+
+// TODO: offer wrapping for pgxpool.Pool and pgxpool.Conn?
+func Wrap(h Handle) handle.Handle {
+	switch h := h.(type) {
+	case *pgx.Conn:
+		return wrappedHandle{h}
+	case pgx.Tx:
+		return wrappedHandle{h}
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("unexpected type: %#v", h))
+	}
+}
+
+var preparedStatementId atomic.Uint64
+
+type wrappedHandle struct {
+	inner Handle
+}
+
+// Prepare implements the [handle.Handle] interface.
+func (h wrappedHandle) Prepare(ctx context.Context, query string, repeated bool) (handle.Statement, error) {
+	if !repeated {
+		return wrappedUnpreparedStatement{query, h.inner}, nil
+	}
+
+	name := "oblast_pgx_" + strconv.FormatUint(preparedStatementId.Add(1), 10)
+	switch inner := h.inner.(type) {
+	case *pgx.Conn:
+		stmt, err := inner.Prepare(ctx, name, query)
+		return wrappedPreparedStatement{ctx, stmt, h.inner}, err
+	case pgx.Tx:
+		stmt, err := inner.Conn().Prepare(ctx, name, query)
+		return wrappedPreparedStatement{ctx, stmt, h.inner}, err
+	default:
+		panic("unreachable") // because of the check in func Wrap()
+	}
+}
+
+// Releases a prepared statement.
+func deallocate(ctx context.Context, h Handle, stmt *pgconn.StatementDescription) error {
+	switch h := h.(type) {
+	case *pgx.Conn:
+		return h.Deallocate(ctx, stmt.Name)
+	case pgx.Tx:
+		return h.Conn().Deallocate(ctx, stmt.Name)
+	default:
+		panic("unreachable") // because of the check in func Wrap()
+	}
+}
+
+// Query implements the [handle.Handle] interface.
+func (h wrappedHandle) Query(ctx context.Context, query string, args []any) (handle.Rows, error) {
+	rows, err := h.inner.Query(ctx, query, args...)
+	return wrappedRows{rows}, err
+}
diff --git a/benchmark/internal/oblast_pgx/results.go b/benchmark/internal/oblast_pgx/results.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ccb5ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/internal/oblast_pgx/results.go
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Stefan Majewsky <majewsky@gmx.net>
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package oblast_pgx
+
+import (
+	"database/sql"
+	"errors"
+
+	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5"
+	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgconn"
+	"go.xyrillian.de/oblast/handle"
+)
+
+type wrappedRows struct {
+	inner pgx.Rows
+}
+
+var _ handle.Rows = wrappedRows{}
+
+// Columns implements the [handle.Rows] interface.
+func (r wrappedRows) Columns() ([]string, error) {
+	descriptions := r.inner.FieldDescriptions()
+	result := make([]string, len(descriptions))
+	for idx, desc := range descriptions {
+		result[idx] = desc.Name
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// Close implements the [handle.Rows] interface.
+func (r wrappedRows) Close() error {
+	r.inner.Close()
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Err implements the [handle.Rows] interface.
+func (r wrappedRows) Err() error {
+	return r.inner.Err()
+}
+
+// Next implements the [handle.Rows] interface.
+func (r wrappedRows) Next() bool {
+	return r.inner.Next()
+}
+
+// Scan implements the [handle.Rows] interface.
+func (r wrappedRows) Scan(args ...any) error {
+	return r.inner.Scan(args...)
+}
+
+type wrappedResult struct {
+	inner pgconn.CommandTag
+}
+
+var _ sql.Result = wrappedResult{}
+
+// LastInsertId implements the [sql.Result] interface.
+func (r wrappedResult) LastInsertId() (int64, error) {
+	return 0, errors.New("PostgreSQL does not support LastInsertId()")
+}
+
+// LastInsertId implements the [sql.Result] interface.
+func (r wrappedResult) RowsAffected() (int64, error) {
+	return r.inner.RowsAffected(), nil
+}
diff --git a/benchmark/internal/oblast_pgx/statement.go b/benchmark/internal/oblast_pgx/statement.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d81c579
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/internal/oblast_pgx/statement.go
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Stefan Majewsky <majewsky@gmx.net>
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package oblast_pgx
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+
+	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgconn"
+	"go.xyrillian.de/oblast/handle"
+)
+
+type wrappedPreparedStatement struct {
+	ctx       context.Context
+	statement *pgconn.StatementDescription
+	handle    Handle
+}
+
+type wrappedUnpreparedStatement struct {
+	query  string
+	handle Handle
+}
+
+var (
+	_ handle.Statement = wrappedPreparedStatement{}
+	_ handle.Statement = wrappedUnpreparedStatement{}
+)
+
+// Close implements the [handle.Statement] interface.
+func (s wrappedPreparedStatement) Close() error {
+	return deallocate(s.ctx, s.handle, s.statement)
+}
+
+// Close implements the [handle.Statement] interface.
+func (s wrappedUnpreparedStatement) Close() error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Exec implements the [handle.Statement] interface.
+func (s wrappedPreparedStatement) Exec(ctx context.Context, args []any) (sql.Result, error) {
+	result, err := s.handle.Exec(ctx, s.statement.Name, args...)
+	return wrappedResult{result}, err
+}
+
+// Exec implements the [handle.Statement] interface.
+func (s wrappedUnpreparedStatement) Exec(ctx context.Context, args []any) (sql.Result, error) {
+	result, err := s.handle.Exec(ctx, s.query, args...)
+	return wrappedResult{result}, err
+}
+
+// QueryRow implements the [handle.Statement] interface.
+func (s wrappedPreparedStatement) QueryRow(ctx context.Context, args, slots []any) error {
+	return s.handle.QueryRow(ctx, s.statement.Name, args...).Scan(slots...)
+}
+
+// QueryRow implements the [handle.Statement] interface.
+func (s wrappedUnpreparedStatement) QueryRow(ctx context.Context, args, slots []any) error {
+	return s.handle.QueryRow(ctx, s.query, args...).Scan(slots...)
+}
diff --git a/benchmark/postgres_test.go b/benchmark/postgres_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..320ea2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/postgres_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,396 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Stefan Majewsky <majewsky@gmx.net>
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package main_test
+
+import (
+	"cmp"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"database/sql"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"strconv"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5"
+	_ "github.com/lib/pq"
+	"go.xyrillian.de/oblast"
+	"go.xyrillian.de/oblast/benchmark/internal/oblast_pgx"
+	"go.xyrillian.de/oblast/internal/testhelpers/assert"
+	"go.xyrillian.de/oblast/internal/testhelpers/must"
+)
+
+// NOTE: In this file, we benchmark different PostgreSQL database drivers against each other with or without Oblast inbetween.
+// All benchmarks are called "BenchmarkPostgres...".
+// To run these benchmarks, you need to have provide a DSN to a PostgreSQL database in $BENCHMARK_POSTGRES_DSN.
+
+// This is not a real benchmark (obviously).
+// Its purpose is to be the first line that is printed, while having one of the longest names,
+// so that all other results are aligned with it and the table looks nice.
+func BenchmarkPostgresHeadingHeadingHeadingHeadingHeadingHeadingHeadingHeading(b *testing.B) {
+	for b.Loop() {
+		time.Sleep(time.Microsecond)
+	}
+}
+
+const defaultPostgresDSN = "host=localhost user=postgres dbname=oblast_benchmark sslmode=disable"
+
+func connectToPostgresTestDB(t testing.TB, recordCount int) *sql.DB {
+	dsn := cmp.Or(os.Getenv("BENCHMARK_POSTGRES_DSN"), defaultPostgresDSN)
+	db := must.Return(sql.Open("postgres", dsn))(t)
+	_ = must.Return(db.Exec(`CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE entries (id BIGSERIAL, message TEXT)`))(t)
+
+	if recordCount > 0 {
+		// fill in some random-looking, but deterministic data
+		stmt := must.Return(db.Prepare(`INSERT INTO entries (id, message) VALUES ($1, $2)`))(t)
+		for idx := range recordCount {
+			buf := sha256.Sum256([]byte(strconv.Itoa(idx)))
+			_ = must.Return(stmt.Exec(idx, fmt.Sprintf("sha256:%x", buf[:])))(t)
+		}
+		must.Succeed(t, stmt.Close())
+	}
+
+	return db
+}
+
+func connectToPgxTestDB(t testing.TB, recordCount int) *pgx.Conn {
+	ctx := t.Context()
+	dsn := cmp.Or(os.Getenv("BENCHMARK_POSTGRES_DSN"), defaultPostgresDSN)
+	conn := must.Return(pgx.Connect(ctx, dsn))(t)
+	_ = must.Return(conn.Exec(ctx, `CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE entries (id BIGSERIAL, message TEXT)`))(t)
+
+	if recordCount > 0 {
+		// fill in some random-looking, but deterministic data
+		sql := `INSERT INTO entries (id, message) VALUES ($1, $2)`
+		stmt := must.Return(conn.Prepare(ctx, sql, sql))(t)
+		for idx := range recordCount {
+			buf := sha256.Sum256([]byte(strconv.Itoa(idx)))
+			_ = must.Return(conn.Exec(ctx, sql, idx, fmt.Sprintf("sha256:%x", buf[:])))(t)
+		}
+		must.Succeed(t, conn.Deallocate(ctx, stmt.Name))
+	}
+
+	return conn
+}
+
+func BenchmarkPostgresSelect(b *testing.B) {
+	pqDB := connectToPostgresTestDB(b, totalRecordCountForSelect)
+	pqDBH := oblast.Wrap(pqDB)
+	pgxConn := connectToPgxTestDB(b, totalRecordCountForSelect)
+	pgxConnH := oblast_pgx.Wrap(pgxConn)
+
+	store := oblast.MustNewStore[OblastEntry](
+		oblast.PostgresDialect(),
+		oblast.TableNameIs("entries"),
+		oblast.PrimaryKeyIs("id"),
+	)
+
+	for _, batchSize := range batchSizesForSelect {
+		b.Run("N="+strconv.Itoa(batchSize), func(b *testing.B) {
+			partialQuery := `id < ` + strconv.Itoa(batchSize)
+			query := `SELECT * FROM entries WHERE ` + partialQuery
+
+			b.Run("driver=pq/strategy=oblast", func(b *testing.B) {
+				for b.Loop() {
+					records := must.Return(store.Select(noctx, pqDBH, query))(b)
+					assert.Equal(b, len(records), batchSize)
+				}
+			})
+
+			b.Run("driver=pgx/strategy=oblast", func(b *testing.B) {
+				for b.Loop() {
+					records := must.Return(store.Select(noctx, pgxConnH, query))(b)
+					assert.Equal(b, len(records), batchSize)
+				}
+			})
+
+			b.Run("driver=pq/strategy=straight", func(b *testing.B) {
+				for b.Loop() {
+					var records []OblastEntry
+					rows := must.Return(pqDB.Query(query))(b) //nolint:rowserrcheck // false positive
+					for rows.Next() {
+						var e OblastEntry
+						must.Succeed(b, rows.Scan(&e.ID, &e.Message))
+						records = append(records, e)
+					}
+					must.Succeed(b, rows.Close())
+					assert.Equal(b, len(records), batchSize)
+				}
+			})
+
+			b.Run("driver=pgx/strategy=straight", func(b *testing.B) {
+				for b.Loop() {
+					var records []OblastEntry
+					rows := must.Return(pgxConn.Query(noctx, query))(b) //nolint:rowserrcheck // false positive
+					for rows.Next() {
+						var e OblastEntry
+						must.Succeed(b, rows.Scan(&e.ID, &e.Message))
+						records = append(records, e)
+					}
+					rows.Close()
+					assert.Equal(b, len(records), batchSize)
+				}
+			})
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkPostgresSelectOne(b *testing.B) {
+	pqDB := connectToPostgresTestDB(b, totalRecordCountForSelect)
+	pqDBH := oblast.Wrap(pqDB)
+	pgxConn := connectToPgxTestDB(b, totalRecordCountForSelect)
+	pgxConnH := oblast_pgx.Wrap(pgxConn)
+
+	// grab a "random" record from the DB, not just the first or the last
+	recordID := min(totalRecordCountForSelect*2/3, totalRecordCountForSelect)
+
+	store := oblast.MustNewStore[OblastEntry](
+		oblast.PostgresDialect(),
+		oblast.TableNameIs("entries"),
+		oblast.PrimaryKeyIs("id"),
+	)
+
+	partialQuery := `id = ` + strconv.Itoa(recordID)
+	query := `SELECT * FROM entries WHERE ` + partialQuery
+	precomputedQuery := store.MustPrepareSelectQueryWhere(partialQuery)
+
+	b.Run("driver=pq/strategy=oblast", func(b *testing.B) {
+		for b.Loop() {
+			r := must.Return(precomputedQuery.SelectOne(noctx, pqDBH))(b)
+			assert.Equal(b, r.ID, recordID)
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("driver=pgx/strategy=oblast", func(b *testing.B) {
+		for b.Loop() {
+			r := must.Return(precomputedQuery.SelectOne(noctx, pgxConnH))(b)
+			assert.Equal(b, r.ID, recordID)
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("driver=pq/strategy=straight", func(b *testing.B) {
+		for b.Loop() {
+			var (
+				id      int64
+				message string
+			)
+			must.Succeed(b, pqDB.QueryRow(query).Scan(&id, &message))
+			assert.Equal(b, id, int64(recordID))
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("driver=pgx/strategy=straight", func(b *testing.B) {
+		for b.Loop() {
+			var (
+				id      int64
+				message string
+			)
+			must.Succeed(b, pgxConn.QueryRow(noctx, query).Scan(&id, &message))
+			assert.Equal(b, id, int64(recordID))
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func BenchmarkPostgresInsertAndDelete(b *testing.B) {
+	pqDB := connectToPostgresTestDB(b, 0)
+	pqDBH := oblast.Wrap(pqDB)
+	pgxConn := connectToPgxTestDB(b, 0)
+	pgxConnH := oblast_pgx.Wrap(pgxConn)
+
+	store := oblast.MustNewStore[OblastEntry](
+		oblast.PostgresDialect(),
+		oblast.TableNameIs("entries"),
+		oblast.PrimaryKeyIs("id"),
+	)
+
+	// test with different amounts of records
+	for _, batchSize := range batchSizesForInsertDelete {
+		b.Run("N="+strconv.Itoa(batchSize), func(b *testing.B) {
+			insertAndDeleteWithOblast := func(b *testing.B, dbh oblast.Handle) {
+				records := make([]OblastEntry, batchSize)
+				recordsForInsert := make([]*OblastEntry, batchSize)
+				for idx := range records {
+					records[idx] = OblastEntry{Message: "hello"}
+					recordsForInsert[idx] = &records[idx]
+				}
+				must.Succeed(b, store.Insert(noctx, dbh, recordsForInsert...))
+				for _, r := range records {
+					if r.ID == 0 {
+						b.Errorf("ID was not filled!")
+					}
+				}
+				must.Succeed(b, store.Delete(noctx, dbh, records...))
+			}
+
+			b.Run("driver=pq/strategy=oblast", func(b *testing.B) {
+				for b.Loop() {
+					insertAndDeleteWithOblast(b, pqDBH)
+				}
+			})
+
+			b.Run("driver=pgx/strategy=oblast", func(b *testing.B) {
+				for b.Loop() {
+					insertAndDeleteWithOblast(b, pgxConnH)
+				}
+			})
+
+			insertQuery := `INSERT INTO entries (message) VALUES ($1) RETURNING id`
+			deleteQuery := `DELETE FROM entries WHERE id = $1`
+
+			b.Run("driver=pq/strategy=straight", func(b *testing.B) {
+				for b.Loop() {
+					ids := make([]int64, batchSize)
+					for idx := range ids {
+						must.Succeed(b, pqDB.QueryRow(insertQuery, "hello").Scan(&ids[idx]))
+					}
+					for _, id := range ids {
+						_ = must.Return(pqDB.Exec(deleteQuery, id))(b)
+					}
+				}
+			})
+
+			b.Run("driver=pgx/strategy=straight", func(b *testing.B) {
+				for b.Loop() {
+					ids := make([]int64, batchSize)
+					for idx := range ids {
+						must.Succeed(b, pgxConn.QueryRow(noctx, insertQuery, "hello").Scan(&ids[idx]))
+					}
+					for _, id := range ids {
+						_ = must.Return(pgxConn.Exec(noctx, deleteQuery, id))(b)
+					}
+				}
+			})
+
+			b.Run("driver=pq/strategy=prepared", func(b *testing.B) {
+				for b.Loop() {
+					ids := make([]int64, batchSize)
+					stmtInsert := must.Return(pqDB.Prepare(insertQuery))(b)
+					defer stmtInsert.Close()
+					for idx := range ids {
+						must.Succeed(b, stmtInsert.QueryRow("hello").Scan(&ids[idx]))
+					}
+					stmtDelete := must.Return(pqDB.Prepare(deleteQuery))(b)
+					defer stmtDelete.Close()
+					for _, id := range ids {
+						_ = must.Return(stmtDelete.Exec(id))(b)
+					}
+				}
+			})
+
+			b.Run("driver=pgx/strategy=prepared", func(b *testing.B) {
+				for b.Loop() {
+					stmtInsert := must.Return(pgxConn.Prepare(noctx, "my-insert", insertQuery))(b)
+					ids := make([]int64, batchSize)
+					for idx := range ids {
+						must.Succeed(b, pgxConn.QueryRow(noctx, stmtInsert.Name, "hello").Scan(&ids[idx]))
+					}
+					must.Succeed(b, pgxConn.Deallocate(noctx, stmtInsert.Name))
+					stmtDelete := must.Return(pgxConn.Prepare(noctx, "my-delete", deleteQuery))(b)
+					for _, id := range ids {
+						_ = must.Return(pgxConn.Exec(noctx, stmtDelete.Name, id))(b)
+					}
+					must.Succeed(b, pgxConn.Deallocate(noctx, stmtDelete.Name))
+				}
+			})
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkPostgresUpdate(b *testing.B) {
+	pqDB := connectToPostgresTestDB(b, 0)
+	pqDBH := oblast.Wrap(pqDB)
+	pgxConn := connectToPgxTestDB(b, 0)
+	pgxConnH := oblast_pgx.Wrap(pgxConn)
+
+	store := oblast.MustNewStore[OblastEntry](
+		oblast.PostgresDialect(),
+		oblast.TableNameIs("entries"),
+		oblast.PrimaryKeyIs("id"),
+	)
+
+	// test with different amounts of records
+	for _, batchSize := range batchSizesForInsertDelete {
+		b.Run("N="+strconv.Itoa(batchSize), func(b *testing.B) {
+			// prepare a bunch of records that we can update, in a reproducible way
+			_ = must.Return(pqDB.Exec(`DELETE FROM entries`))
+			_ = must.Return(pgxConn.Exec(noctx, `DELETE FROM entries`))
+			pqRecords := make([]OblastEntry, batchSize)
+			pqRecordsForInsert := make([]*OblastEntry, batchSize)
+			pgxRecords := make([]OblastEntry, batchSize)
+			pgxRecordsForInsert := make([]*OblastEntry, batchSize)
+			for idx := range batchSize {
+				pqRecords[idx] = OblastEntry{Message: "hello"}
+				pqRecordsForInsert[idx] = &pqRecords[idx]
+				pgxRecords[idx] = OblastEntry{Message: "hello"}
+				pgxRecordsForInsert[idx] = &pgxRecords[idx]
+			}
+			must.Succeed(b, store.Insert(noctx, pqDBH, pqRecordsForInsert...))
+			must.Succeed(b, store.Insert(noctx, pgxConnH, pgxRecordsForInsert...))
+
+			// each benchmark will, while looping, write changing values each time in the same way
+			loop := func(b *testing.B, action func(string)) {
+				idx := 0
+				for b.Loop() {
+					idx++
+					message := fmt.Sprintf("round %d", idx)
+					action(message)
+				}
+			}
+
+			updateWithOblast := func(b *testing.B, dbh oblast.Handle, records []OblastEntry) func(string) {
+				return func(message string) {
+					for idx := range records {
+						records[idx].Message = message
+					}
+					must.Succeed(b, store.Update(noctx, dbh, records...))
+				}
+			}
+
+			b.Run("driver=pq/strategy=oblast", func(b *testing.B) {
+				loop(b, updateWithOblast(b, pqDBH, pqRecords))
+			})
+
+			b.Run("driver=pgx/strategy=oblast", func(b *testing.B) {
+				loop(b, updateWithOblast(b, pgxConnH, pgxRecords))
+			})
+
+			updateQuery := `UPDATE entries SET message = $1 WHERE id = $2`
+
+			b.Run("driver=pq/strategy=straight", func(b *testing.B) {
+				loop(b, func(message string) {
+					for _, r := range pqRecords {
+						_ = must.Return(pqDB.Exec(updateQuery, message, r.ID))(b)
+					}
+				})
+			})
+
+			b.Run("driver=pgx/strategy=straight", func(b *testing.B) {
+				loop(b, func(message string) {
+					for _, r := range pgxRecords {
+						_ = must.Return(pgxConn.Exec(noctx, updateQuery, message, r.ID))(b)
+					}
+				})
+			})
+
+			b.Run("driver=pq/strategy=prepared", func(b *testing.B) {
+				loop(b, func(message string) {
+					stmt := must.Return(pqDB.Prepare(updateQuery))(b)
+					for _, r := range pqRecords {
+						_ = must.Return(stmt.Exec(message, r.ID))(b)
+					}
+				})
+			})
+
+			b.Run("driver=pgx/strategy=prepared", func(b *testing.B) {
+				loop(b, func(message string) {
+					stmt := must.Return(pgxConn.Prepare(noctx, "my-update", updateQuery))(b)
+					for _, r := range pgxRecords {
+						_ = must.Return(pgxConn.Exec(noctx, stmt.Name, message, r.ID))(b)
+					}
+					must.Succeed(b, pgxConn.Deallocate(noctx, stmt.Name))
+				})
+			})
+		})
+	}
+}